ʻIke kumu o chromatics-2

三、ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona ʻike o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike

He nui nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike kanaka i ka ʻike o ka waihoʻoluʻu a me nā kikoʻī kikoʻī, e like me ke koena hiʻohiʻona, ʻike ʻole i nā loli ʻoi o nā kihi, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka ʻike o ka ʻōlinolino ma mua o ke kala.

ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kēlā me kēia kala o ke ʻano e nā kala kumu ʻekolu o R, G a me B, no laila ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike kala ʻekolu-dimensional RGB, hiki ke helu pololei ʻia e ke kumu makemakika.

Wahi a nā hiʻohiʻona ʻike o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike kanaka i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me nā hoʻololi spatial a me ke kumu hoʻohālike kala, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolālā i nā ʻano algorithms kaomi ʻikepili kiʻi kiʻi a pau.

Pūnaehana ʻike o ke kanaka

• Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka waihoʻoluʻu ka hopena o ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike i ke kukui ʻike ʻia.
He ʻekolu ʻano o nā keena cone i ka retina kanaka me ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka uliuli, a me ke ʻano o ke koʻokoʻo e hana wale ana ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka mana māmā loa. No laila, aia wale ke kala ma ka maka a me ka lolo. ʻAʻole pāʻani ʻo Rod cell i ka hana kiʻi kamepiula.
ʻO ke kukui ʻike ʻia he nalu electromagnetic me ka lōʻihi o 380 ~ 780nm. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka mālamalama a mākou e ʻike nei, ʻaʻole ia he māmā o ka nalu nalu, akā he hui pū ʻana o nā nalu like ʻole.
Hoʻomaopopo ka retina kanaka i ke kala o ka honua waho ma o nā neurons. ʻO kēlā me kēia neuron he cone sensitive kala a i ʻole he koʻokoʻo ʻole kalaʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻike:
- ʻO nā ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻulaʻula cone ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o nā alapine like ʻole o ka māmā a me nā ʻōlinolino like ʻole.
- Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia kēlā me kēia waihoʻoluʻu ma ka huina o R, G a me B, ʻo ia ka mea he ʻekolu-dimensional RGB vector space.
- ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻike:
  He like ka waihoʻoluʻu o kekahi pūʻulu kala ma lalo o ka lā a i ʻole kekahi kumu kukui, akā ke waiho ʻia lākou ma lalo o kahi kumu kukui ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa ke kala.
  
  四、ʻano kala
  - ʻO ke ʻano hui kala hoʻohui RGB
  - ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohui kala unuhi CMY
  - ʻano HSB
  - ʻano hana lab
  ʻano RGB
  - Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano RGB ma ke kumu hoʻohui o ʻekolu kala kumu ma ke ʻano. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā waihoʻoluʻu mua o ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka uliuli i kēlā me kēia pālākiō e like me ka waiwai o ka mālamalama mai 0 (ʻeleʻele) a hiki i 255 (keʻokeʻo), no laila e wehewehe i ko lākou mau kala. Ke hui pū ʻia nā kala mua me nā ʻōlinolino like ʻole, 256 * 256 * 256 mau ʻano kala e hana ʻia, ma kahi o 16.7 miliona. Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki ke loaʻa i ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ka waiwai R o 246, ka waiwai G o 20, a me ka waiwai B o 50. Inā like nā kumu kukui o nā kala kumu ʻekolu, hana ʻia ka hina; Inā he 255 nā waiwai olinolino ʻekolu, hana ʻia ke keʻokeʻo maʻemaʻe; Ke 0 nā waiwai luminance a pau, hana ʻia ka ʻeleʻele maʻemaʻe. Ke ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kala i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā ʻano kukui kala ʻekolu ma mua o ka waiwai o ka ʻōlinolino kumu, no laila ua kapa ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ke kala i ke ʻano RGB.
  ʻO ke ʻano CMYK, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke ʻano kala paʻi, he ʻano hana e like me ka inoa.
  - He ʻokoʻa loa ia mai RGB. ʻO ke ʻano RGB he ʻano kala ʻulaʻula, a ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ma ka pale i loko o kahi lumi pouli
  - ʻO CMYK kahi ʻano kala e hilinaʻi ana i ka noʻonoʻo. Pehea ka heluhelu ʻana o nā kānaka i nā mea o loko o nā nūpepa? ʻO ka lā a i ʻole ka mālamalama e ʻā mai ana i ka nūpepa a laila e ʻike ʻia i loko o ko mākou mau maka e ʻike ai i ka ʻike. Pono ia i kahi kumu kukui waho. Inā ʻoe i loko o kahi lumi pouli, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i nā nūpepa
  - ʻOiai ke hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pale ma ke ʻano RGB. Ke ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi ma ka mea i paʻi ʻia, hōʻike ʻia ia e ke ʻano CMYK. No ka laʻana, paʻi ʻia nā nūpepa, nā nūpepa, nā nūpepa, nā pepa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, no laila ʻo ia ke ʻano CMYK.
  - E like me RGB, ʻo CMY ka hua mua o ʻekolu mau inoa inika: Cyan, magenta a me Melemele. Lawe ʻo K i ka leka hope o ka ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke kumu e lawe ʻole ai i ka leka mua e pale i ka huikau me ka uliuli. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻekolu wale nō ʻano o ka inika CMY ua lawa. Ke hui pū ʻia lākou, pono lākou e ʻeleʻele. Eia naʻe, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki i ke kaʻina hana o kēia manawa ke hana i nā inika maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻohui CMY he ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele maoli nō ia, no laila pono e hoʻohui ʻia kahi ʻīnika ʻeleʻele kūikawā e hoʻokuʻikahi.
  - I ka hui pu ana o C, M, Y a me K i kala, me ka hoonui o C, m, Y a me K, e emi mai ana ka malamalama i ikeia i na maka kanaka, a emi iho ka malamalama o ka malamalama. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ke kala ma nā ʻano CMYK āpau i kapa ʻia ʻo ka unuhi kala.
  ʻano HSB
  
  Ua wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano HSB ma muli o ka nānā ʻana i ke kala e nā maka kanaka. Ma kēia ʻano, wehewehe ʻia nā kala āpau e nā hue, saturation a me ka mālamalama.
  - Hōʻike ka Hues i ke kala i ʻike ʻia mai a i ʻole i lawe ʻia ma o kekahi mea. Ma ka huila kala maʻamau 0 ~ 360 degere, ana ʻia ka hue ma ke kūlana. Ma ka hoʻohana maʻamau, ʻike ʻia ka hue e ka inoa o ke kala, e like me ka ʻulaʻula, ka ʻalani, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
  - ʻO ka Saturation e pili ana i ka ikaika a i ʻole ka maʻemaʻe o ke kala, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā mea hina i ka hue. Hōʻike ʻia e 0% (hina hina) - 100% (ke kala piha piha). Ma ka huila kala maʻamau, ke piʻi nei ka saturation mai ke kūlana waena a i ke kūlana lihi.
  - ʻO ka mālamalama ka ʻōlinolino pili o kahi kala. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e 0% (ʻeleʻele) - 100% (keʻokeʻo). Defect: ma muli o ka palena o nā mea hana, pono e hoʻololi i ke ʻano RGB ke hōʻike ʻia ma ka pale kamepiula a me ke ʻano CMYK ke paʻi ʻia. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano HSB i kekahi ʻano. Ma ka ʻōnaehana CIE XYZ, hōʻike ʻia ka mālamalama e ka waiwai o Y, hiki ke ana ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia ia e ka ikaika o ka mālamalama i ʻike ʻia a i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Ana ʻia ka mālamalama ma nā ʻāpana e like me ke kukui kukui no kēlā me kēia mika square (cd/m2).
  ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka māmā CIE: ʻo ia ka waiwai kūpono o ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike kanaka i ka ʻōlinolino, i hōʻike ʻia e L *.
  
  ʻano hana lab
  
  ʻO ka prototype o ka lab mode he maʻamau no ke ana ʻana i ke kala i haku ʻia e CIE Association ma 1931. Ua wehewehe hou ʻia a ua kapa ʻia ʻo CIELab ma 1976.
  
  ʻO ke ʻano RGB kahi ʻano hoʻohui kala o ka pale ʻālohilohi, a ʻo ke ʻano CMYK kahi ʻano hoʻokaʻawale paʻi noʻonoʻo kala. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi ke ʻano Lab i ka māmā a i ʻole ka puaʻa. He ʻano kala ia i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hui CIE, e pili ana i nā kala āpau i ʻike ʻia e nā maka kanaka. Hana ʻia ke ʻano Lab no nā hemahema o nā ʻano kala kala RGB a me CMYK
  
  Hōʻike ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu Lab e hoʻokahi ʻāpana kukui L a me ʻelua ʻāpana kala a a me b. He 0-100 ka huina waiwai o L, ʻo ka ʻāpana a ke hōʻike nei i ka hoʻololi kikoʻī mai ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ka ʻulaʻula, ʻoiai ʻo ka māhele b e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi kikoʻī mai ka uliuli a i ka melemele, a ʻo nā pae waiwai o a a me b he -120 ~ 120.
  
  五、CIE1976 Lab chromaticity space a me ka ʻokoʻa kala
  
  ʻŌlelo kamaʻilio kala
  
  1) ʻŌlelo kamaʻilio ke loli ka hue: ʻōlelo kamaʻilio: ʻulaʻula, melemele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, liʻiliʻi ʻulaʻula, liʻiliʻi melemele a pēlā aku.
  
  2） ʻŌlelo kamaʻilio ke hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻōlinolino: Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka mālamalama a ʻeleʻele paha e wehewehe i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou;
  
  3） ʻŌlelo kamaʻilio ke hoʻololi ka saturation: Hōʻike ʻia ka Saturation e ka ikaika a nāwaliwali paha;
  
  ●Mode kala
  - Geometry nānā
  Hoʻopili pū ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa o ka waihoʻoluʻu huahana. I kekahi manawa, no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻaelike me ka mea kūʻai aku, pono e nānā i ka mea mai ka kihi like. Manaʻo ʻo ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D1729-89 i ka 0 / 45 mau kukui a me nā kūlana nānā. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana ma kēia kiʻi:
  
  Nā kukui maʻamau
  - ʻO nā mea hoʻomālamalama maʻamau e pili ana i ke kumu kukui kūlohelohe e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā kukui ambient like ʻole, i hiki i ka mea kanu hana a i ʻole ke keʻena hana ke loaʻa i ka hopena kukui e kūlike me ke kumu kukui i kēia mau kaiapuni ma waho o ka pūnaewele. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā Illuminants maʻamau i ka pahu Illuminants maʻamau a me ka mea ana kala. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia e ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa kala o nā ʻatikala, pono e hoʻokō me ke kūlana CIE o ka hui kukui honua.
  - ʻO ka pā o loko o ka pahu Illuminants maʻamau ka hopena nui i nā Illuminants maʻamau. He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele matte maʻamau ia no ka hōʻoia ʻana ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka mālamalama o ke kaiapuni.
  Nā kukui maʻamau maʻamau
  
  Ka lā o ka lani polū i hoʻohālikelike ʻia -- D65 kumu kukui, ka wela kala (CT): 6500K
  
  Māmā hale kūʻai ʻEulopa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia -- TL84 kumu kukui, wela kala (CT): 4000K
  
  ʻO ke kukui hale kūʻai ʻAmelika i hoʻohālikelike ʻia -- Puna kukui CWF, wela kala (CT): 4100K
  
  Hoʻohālike i nā kukui kala pumehana o ka ʻohana a i ʻole ka hōkele -- F kumu kukui, wela kala (CT): 2700k
  
  ●Ka helu helu o ka chromatic aberration
  - + L ʻālohilohi - L ʻeleʻele
  - + he ʻulaʻula - he ʻōmaʻomaʻo
  - + b melemele - b uliuli
  - △E( huina chromatic aberration )=√ (△a)²+(△b)²+(△L)²
  - △a(chromatic aberration )=a2-a1
  - △b(ka hoʻokaʻawale chromatic )=b2-b1
  - △L(ʻaʻohe māmā)=L2-L1
  ● Hoʻohana i ka chromatic aberration formula
  - ʻElua mau kuhikuhi nui:
  1. He mea nui ka lokahi.
  
  2. Pono ka laulā o ka helu hoʻonohonoho e hōʻoia i ka ʻae ʻia o ka ʻokoʻa ʻike.
  - ʻO ka laulā hoʻomanawanui o △ E ma ke kūlana ʻoihana
  0 - 0.25: liʻiliʻi loa a ʻaʻole paha; Kūlike kūpono
  
  0.25 - 0.5: minuke; Pāʻani ʻae ʻia
  
  0.5 - 1.0: liʻiliʻi i waena; ʻAe ʻia ma kekahi mau noi
  
  1.0 - 2.0: waena; ʻAe ʻia ma nā noi kikoʻī
  
  2.0 - 4.0: maopopo; ʻAe ʻia ma nā noi kikoʻī
  
  4.0- oi: nui loa; ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā noi
  
  (No ka Pūnaewele mai kekahi mau kiʻi. Inā he hewa, e ʻoluʻolu e kelepona a holoi koke iā ia)

Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-05-2023