Ruzivo rwekutanga rwechromatics-2

三、 Mafungiro maitiro ekuona system

Maonero emunhu ane hunhu hwakawanda mukuona kweruvara uye neruzivo rwenzvimbo, senge masara ekuona, kusanzwa nekuchinja kwakapinza mumacheto, uye kuona kwakasimba kwekupenya kupfuura ruvara.

Tichifunga, ruvara rwega rwega muzvisikwa runogona kutariswa nemavara matatu ekutanga eR, G naB, saka iyo RGB ine-mativi matatu-dimensional color space modhi inoumbwa, iyo inogona kuverengerwa nemasvomhu fomula.

Zvinoenderana nehunhu hwekuona hwemunhu anoona sisitimu yemavara uye shanduko yenzvimbo uye ruvara nzvimbo modhi, isu tinokwanisa kugadzira ese marudzi edhijitari mufananidzo data compression algorithms.

Visual system yeMunhu

• Zvinotendwa kuti ruvara runobva pakuona kwemaitiro ekuona kwechiedza chinooneka.
Retina yemunhu ine marudzi matatu emasero ekoni ane manzwiro akasiyana kune tsvuku, girini uye yebhuruu sero, uye sero rakaita serodhi rinoshanda chete pasi pemamiriro esimba rakaderera zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, ruvara ruripo mumaziso uye muuropi chete. Masero etsvimbo haaite basa mukugadzirisa mifananidzo yekombuta.
Chiedza chinooneka is electromagnetic wave ine wavelength ye380 ~ 780nm. Chiedza chakawanda chatinoona hachisi chiedza chewevelength imwe, asi musanganiswa wemasaisai akawanda akasiyana.
Retina yemunhu inonzwa ruvara rwenyika yekunze kuburikidza nemaneuron. Neuron yega yega ingave koni inonzwa ruvara kana tsvimbo isinganzwe ruvaraPerceptual maitiro ekuona:
- Tsvuku, girini uye bhuruu cone masero ane maonero akasiyana emhando dzakasiyana dzechiedza uye kupenya kwakasiyana.
- Chero ruvara mune zvakasikwa runogona kutsanangurwa nehuwandu hweR, G uye B, iyo inoumba matatu-dimensional RGB vector nzvimbo.
- Perceptual maitiro ekuona:
  Boka remasamples eruvara rine ruvara rwakafanana pasi pezuva kana kuti pane chimwe chiedza, asi kana akaiswa pasi peimwe mwenje, ruvara rwakasiyana.
  
  四、Modhi yemavara
  - RGB yekuwedzera ruvara rwekusanganisa maitiro
  - CMY inobvisa ruvara kusanganisa maitiro
  - HSB mode
  - Lab mode
  RGB mode
  - RGB modhi yakavakirwa pamusimboti wekusanganisa wemavara matatu ekutanga mune zvakasikwa. Iwo mavara ekutanga eruvara tsvuku, girinhi nebhuruu akagoverwa muchiyero chemavara ega ega zvichienderana nekupenya kukosha kubva pa0 (dema) kusvika 255 (chena), kuitira kutsanangura mavara avo. Kana mavara ekutanga ane kupenya kwakasiyana asanganiswa, 256 * 256 * 256 marudzi eruvara achagadzirwa, anenge mamirioni gumi nematanhatu. Semuenzaniso, mutsvuku wakajeka unogona kuva neR kukosha kwe246, G kukosha kwe20, uye B kukosha kwe50. Kana kupenya kwemavara matatu ekutanga mavara akaenzana, grey inogadzirwa; Kana ese matatu kupenya kukosha ari 255, yakachena yakachena inogadzirwa; Kana zviyero zvese zvekupenya zviri 0, dema rakachena rinogadzirwa. Kana ruvara rwakagadzirwa nekusanganiswa kwemhando nhatu dzemwenje weruvara kazhinji rwakakwira kupfuura kukosha kwekupenya kweruvara, saka nzira yekugadzira ruvara muRGB modhi inonziwo color light additive method.
  CMYK modhi, inozivikanwawo seyekudhinda color modhi, imodhi yakagadziriswa sezita rinoratidza.
  - Iyo yakasiyana chaizvo neRGB. RGB modhi inopenya yemavara modhi, uye zviri pachiratidziri zvichiri kuoneka mukamuri ine rima
  - CMYK imhando yemavara inotsamira pakuratidzira. Vanhu vanoverenga sei zviri mumapepanhau? Chiedza chezuva kana kuti chiedza chinopenya pabepanhau chobva charatidzwa mumaziso edu ndipo patinokwanisa kuona zviri mukati. Inoda chiedza chekunze. Kana uri muimba ine rima, haugone kuverenga mapepanhau
  - Chero bedzi mufananidzo unoratidzwa pachiratidziro unoratidzwa muRGB modhi. Chero bedzi mufananidzo uchionekwa pane yakadhindwa nyaya, inomiririrwa neCMYK modhi. Semuyenzaniso, magazini, magazini, mapepanhau, mapepa, nezvimwewo zvinodhindwa nekugadziriswa, saka ndiyo muenzaniso weCMYK.
  - Zvakafanana neRGB, CMY ndiyo yekutanga mazita matatu engi: Cyan, magenta uye Yellow. K anotora vara rekupedzisira dema. Chikonzero nei isingatore tsamba yekutanga ndeyekudzivisa kuvhiringidzika nebhuruu. Mupfungwa, marudzi matatu chete eCMY ingi anokwana. Kana dzawedzerwa pamwe chete, dzinofanira kuwana dema. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekuti ikozvino kugadzira maitiro haagone kuburitsa yakakwirira-kuchena ingi, mhedzisiro yeCMY yekuwedzera ndeye yakasviba tsvuku, saka yakakosha inki yakasviba inoda kuwedzerwa kuti iyananise.
  - Apo C, M, Y uye K zvinosanganiswa muruvara, nokuwedzera kweC, m, Y uye K, chiedza chinoratidzirwa kumaziso omunhu chichava chishoma nezvishoma, uye kupenya kwechiedza kuchava kwakaderera nokuderera. Iyo nzira yekugadzira ruvara mune ese CMYK modes inonziwo color subtraction.
  HSB mode
  
  HSB modhi inotsanangurwa zvichibva pakuona kweruvara nemaziso evanhu. Mune iyi modhi, ese mavara anotsanangurwa nehues, saturation uye kupenya.
  - Hues zvinoreva ruvara runoratidzwa kubva kana kutapurirwa kuburikidza nechinhu. Pa 0 ~ 360 dhigirii yakajairika vhiri vhiri, hue inoyerwa nechinzvimbo. Mukushandiswa kwakajairika, hue inotaridzwa nezita reruvara, senge dzvuku, orenji, girini, nezvimwe. Icho hunhu hwekuonekwa.
  - Saturation inoreva kusimba kana kuchena kweruvara, izvo zvinoratidza chikamu chegrey zvikamu muhue. Iyo inoratidzwa ne0% (yakachena grey) - 100% (yakazara yakazara ruvara). Pairi vhiri reruvara, saturation kubva pakati chinzvimbo kusvika kumucheto chinzvimbo chiri kuwedzera.
  - Kupenya ndiko kupenya kunoenderana kweruvara. Inowanzoyerwa ne0% (dema) - 100% (chena). Kukanganisa: nekuda kwekuganhurirwa kwemidziyo, zvinodikanwa kushandura kuRGB modhi kana ichiratidzwa pakombiyuta skrini uye CMYK modhi kana yakadhindwa. Izvi zvinoderedza kushandiswa kweHSB mode kusvika pamwero wakati. MuCIE XYZ system, kupenya kunoratidzwa nekukosha kweY, iyo inogona kuyerwa. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekusimba kwechiedza chinotaridza kana kuburitswa pane imwe unit nzvimbo. Kupenya kunopimwa muzvikamu zvakaita semwenje wekenduru paskweya mita (cd/ m2).
  Tsanangudzo yeCIE yekureruka: ndiko kukosha kunoenderana kwemaonero evanhu ekuona kupenya kwakajeka, kunoratidzwa naL *.
  
  Lab mode
  
  The prototype of lab mode chiyero chekuyera ruvara chakagadzirwa neCIE Association muna 1931. Yakatsanangurwa patsva ikapiwa zita reCIELab muna 1976.
  
  RGB modhi inzira yekuwedzera ruvara rweinopenya skrini, uye CMYK modhi inoratidzira ruvara rwekudhinda kubvisa maitiro. Iyo Lab modhi haivimbi nechiedza kana pigment. Iro rudzi rwemavara rwakatemwa nesangano reCIE, iro rinosanganisira mavara ose anogona kuonekwa nemaziso evanhu. Lab modhi inogadzirisa kukanganisa kweRGB uye CMYK mavara modhi
  
  Ruvara rweLab runomiririrwa nechinhu chimwe chekupenya L uye maviri emavara emhando a uye b. Huwandu hwehuwandu hweL ndeye 0-100, chikamu a chinomiririra shanduko yemavara kubva pagirini kuenda kune yakatsvuka, nepo chikamu b chinomiririra shanduko yeruvara rwebhuruu kuenda kuyero, uye kukosha kwea uye b -120 ~ 120.
  
  五、 CIE1976 Lab chromaticity nzvimbo uye ruvara musiyano formula
  
  Mutauro wekutaura kwemavara
  
  1) Mutauro wekukurukurirana kana hue yachinja: mutauro wekutaurirana: tsvuku, yero, girini, bhuruu, shoma shoma, yero shoma zvichingodaro.
  
  2） Mutauro wekutaura kana kupenya kwachinja: Kupenya kunowanzo shandisa kupenya kana kusviba kutsanangura musiyano uripo;
  
  3) Mutauro wekukurukurirana kana kuzara kunoshanduka: Kuzadza kunotsanangurwa nechisimba kana chisina simba;
  
  ● Color module
  - Observation geometry
  Iyo yakasiyana yekona yekutarisa yekutarisa inokanganisawo musiyano werudzi rwechigadzirwa. Dzimwe nguva, kuti uwane chibvumirano nemutengi, zvakakosha kutarisa chinhu kubva pakona imwechete. ASTM (American Society yekuyedza uye zvinhu) D1729-89 inokurudzira 0/45 mwenje uye yekutarisa mamiriro. Nzira yekucherechedza inoratidzwa mumufananidzo unotevera:
  
  Standard Illuminants
  - Standard Illuminants inoreva kune chakagadzirwa mwenje sosi inoteedzera akasiyana ambient mwenje, kuitira kuti chirimwa chekugadzira kana marabhoritari iwane mwenje wemwenje unopindirana nemwenje sosi munzvimbo idzi kunze kwesaiti. Iwo akajairwa maIlluminants anowanzo kuisirwa muyakajairwa Illuminants bhokisi uye ruvara rwekuyera chiridzwa. Inonyanya kushandiswa kuona kutsauswa kwemavara ezvinyorwa, izvo zvinofanirwa kuenderana neCIE chiyero chepasi rose mwenje nzanga.
  - Iyo yemukati madziro nharaunda yeyakajairwa Illuminants bhokisi ine simba rakakura pane yakajairwa Illuminants. Inofanirwa kuve yakajairwa yakasviba grey matte pamusoro kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti haina kukanganiswa nechiedza chinoratidzwa chenzvimbo.
  Common mwero Illuminants
  
  Yakateedzerwa yebhuruu denga zuva -- D65 mwenje sosi, tembiricha yeruvara (CT): 6500K
  
  Yakateedzerwa mwenje wechitoro cheEuropean -- TL84 mwenje sosi, tembiricha yeruvara (CT): 4000K
  
  Yakateedzerwa mwenje wechitoro cheAmerica -- CWF mwenje sosi, tembiricha yeruvara (CT): 4100K
  
  Tevedzera kudziya kwemavara emagetsi emhuri kana hotera -- F mwenje sosi, tembiricha yeruvara (CT): 2700k
  
  ● Calculation formula yechromatic aberration
  - + L inopenya - L rima
  - + mutsvuku - girini
  - + b yero - b bhuruu
  - △E( total chromatic aberration )=√ (△a)²+(△b)²+(△L)²
  - △a(chromatic aberration )=a2-a1
  - △b(chromatic aberration )=b2-b1
  - △L(kurerutsa)=L2-L1
  ●Kushandiswa kwechromatic aberration formula
  - Zvinyorwa zviviri zvakakosha:
  1. Kufanana kwakakosha.
  
  2. Nhamba yenhamba yakatarwa inofanira kukwanisa kusimbisa kugamuchirwa kwekusiyana kwekuona.
  - Kushivirira huwandu hwe △ E mune indasitiri chiyero
  0 - 0.25: idiki kwazvo kana hapana; Ideal kuenzanisa
  
  0.25 - 0.5: miniti; Inogamuchirwa mutambo
  
  0.5 - 1.0: diki kusvika pakati; Inogamuchirwa mune mamwe maapplication
  
  1.0 - 2.0: pakati; Inogamuchirwa mumashandisirwo chaiwo
  
  2.0 - 4.0: zviri pachena; Inogamuchirwa mumashandisirwo chaiwo
  
  4.0- zvimwe: yakakura kwazvo; Hazvigamuchirwi mumashandisirwo mazhinji
  
  (Mimwe mifananidzo inobva paInternet. Kana pane kukanganisa, tapota taura uye uibvise pakarepo)

Nguva yekutumira: May-05-2023