Ulwazi olusisiseko lwechromatics-2

三、 Iimpawu zokuqonda zenkqubo yokubonwayo

Inkqubo yokubona komntu ineempawu ezininzi ekubonweni kombala kunye neenkcukacha zayo zendawo, ezifana nentsalela ebonakalayo, ingenaluvelwano kwiinguqu ezibukhali kwimiphetho, kunye nembono enamandla yokukhanya kunombala.

Ngokwethiyori, wonke umbala kwindalo unokumiselwa ngemibala emithathu eyiprayimari ye-R, G no-B, ngoko ke imodeli yesithuba sombala we-RGB enomacala amathathu senziwa, enokubalwa ngokuchanekileyo ngefomula yemathematika.

Ngokweempawu zokuqonda zenkqubo yokubonwa komntu kumbala kunye notshintsho lwesithuba kunye nemodeli yendawo yombala, sinokuyila zonke iintlobo ze-algorithms yoxinzelelo lwedatha yedijithali.

Inkqubo ebonwayo yoMntu

• • Kukholelwa ukuba umbala sisiphumo sombono wenkqubo ebonakalayo yokukhanya okubonakalayo.
• Iretina yomntu ineentlobo ezintathu zeeseli zekhowuni ezinovakalelo olwahlukileyo kumbala obomvu, oluhlaza noluhlaza, kunye neseli emile okwentonga esebenza kuphela phantsi kwemeko yamandla okukhanya aphantsi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, umbala ukhona kuphela emehlweni nasengqondweni. Iiseli ze-rod azidlali indima ekusetyenzweni kwemifanekiso yekhompyuter.
• Ukukhanya okubonakalayo ngamaza ombane anobude obungama-380 ~ 780nm. Uninzi lokukhanya esikubonayo ayikokukhanya kobude obunye, kodwa yindibaniselwano yobude obuninzi obahlukeneyo.
• Iretina yomntu iyawuva umbala wehlabathi langaphandle ngokusebenzisa imithambo-luvo. I-neuron nganye iyikhowuni ebuthathaka ngombala okanye intonga engenaluvelwano ngombalaIimpawu zombono wombono:
  • Iiseli zekhowuni ezibomvu, eziluhlaza kunye nebhlowu zinembono eyahlukileyo yeefrikhwensi ezahlukeneyo zokukhanya kunye nokukhanya okwahlukileyo.
  • Nawuphi na umbala kwindalo unokumiselwa sisimbuku se-R, G kunye no-B, ezenza isithuba se-vector ye-RGB enomacala amathathu.
  • Iimpawu zombono wombono:

    Iqela leisampulu zombala zinombala ofanayo phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga okanye umthombo othile wokukhanya, kodwa xa zibekwe phantsi komnye umthombo wokukhanya, umbala wahlukile.

    四, Imo yombala

    • Imowudi yokudibanisa umbala owongezelelweyo we-RGB
    • Imowudi yokuxuba imibala ye-CMY
    • Imowudi ye-HSB
    • Imo yeLab

    Imowudi yeRGB

    • Imowudi ye-RGB isekelwe kumgaqo wokuxuba wemibala emithathu ephambili kwindalo. Imibala ephambili ebomvu, eluhlaza kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yabelwe kwisikali sombala ngamnye ngokwexabiso lokukhanya ukusuka ku-0 (omnyama) ukuya kuma-255 (omhlophe), ukuze ucacise imibala yawo. Xa imibala ephambili enokukhanya okuhlukeneyo ixutywe, i-256 * 256 * 256 iintlobo zombala ziya kuveliswa, malunga ne-16.7 yezigidi. Ngokomzekelo, umbala obomvu obomvu unokuba nexabiso le-R le-246, ixabiso le-G le-20, kunye nexabiso le-B le-50. Xa ixabiso elikhanyayo lemibala emithathu ephambili lilingana, i-gray iveliswa; Xa omathathu amaxabiso okukhanya angama-255, umhlophe osulungekileyo uveliswa; Xa onke amaxabiso okhanyisa ngu-0, umnyama osulungekileyo uyaveliswa. Xa umbala oveliswa kukudityaniswa kweentlobo ezintathu zokukhanya kombala uphezulu kunexabiso lokuqala lokuqaqamba kombala, ngoko ke indlela yokuvelisa umbala kwimo ye-RGB ikwabizwa ngokuba yindlela yokongeza ukukhanya kombala.

    Imowudi ye-CMYK, eyaziwa ngokuba yimowudi yombala woshicilelo, yindlela ecutshungulwayo njengoko igama licebisa.

    • Yahluke kakhulu kwi-RGB. Imowudi ye-RGB yimowudi yombala okhanyayo, kwaye umxholo okwisikrini unokubonwa kwigumbi elimnyama
    • I-CMYK yimo yombala exhomekeke ekubonakalisweni. Abantu bakufunda njani okubhalwe kumaphephandaba? Kukukhanya kwelanga okanye ukukhanya okukhanya kwiphephandaba kuze kubonakale emehlweni ethu ukuze sikwazi ukubona umxholo. Ifuna umthombo wokukhanya wangaphandle. Ukuba ukwigumbi elimnyama, awukwazi ukufunda amaphephandaba
    • Logama nje umfanekiso oboniswe kwiscreen uboniswa kwimowudi yeRGB. Logama nje umfanekiso ubonwa kumbandela oshicilelweyo, umelwe yimo yeCMYK. Umzekelo, iimpepha-ncwadi, iimagazini, amaphephandaba, iipowusta, njl.njl. ziprintwa kwaye ziphuculwe, ngoko ngumzekelo we-CMYK.
    • Ngokufana ne-RGB, i-CMY ngoonobumba bokuqala bamagama amathathu e-inki: Cyan, magenta kunye noYellow. U-K uthatha unobumba wokugqibela omnyama. Isizathu sokuba ingathathi unobumba wokuqala kukuphepha ukudideka kunye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokwethiyori, zintathu kuphela iindidi zee-inks zeCMY zanele. Xa zidityaniswe kunye, kufuneka zibe mnyama. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo yangoku yokuvelisa ayikwazi ukuvelisa ii-inki zokucoceka okuphezulu, umphumo wokongezwa kweCMY ngokwenene ubomvu obumnyama, ngoko ke inki ekhethekileyo emnyama kufuneka idibaniswe ukuze idibanise.
    • Xa uC, M, Y no-K zidityanisiwe kumbala, ngokunyuka kuka-C, m, Y no-K, ukukhanya okubonakaliswa emehlweni abantu kuya kuba kuncipha, yaye ukukhanya kokukhanya kuya kuba ngaphantsi nangaphantsi. Indlela yokuvelisa umbala kuzo zonke iindlela ze-CMYK ikwabizwa ngokuba kukuthabatha umbala.

    Imowudi ye-HSB

    Imowudi ye-HSB ichazwa ngokusekwe ekuqwalaselweni kombala ngamehlo abantu. Kule modi, yonke imibala ichazwa ngama-hues, ukugcwala kunye nokukhanya.

    • Imibala ibhekisa kumbala ovela okanye ogqithiswe ngento. Kwivili lombala eliqhelekileyo le-0 ~ 360 degree, umbala ulinganiswa ngokwendawo. Ekusetyenzisweni okuqhelekileyo, i-hue ichongiwe ngegama lombala, njengobomvu, i-orange, eluhlaza, njl njl. Luphawu lokubonakala.
    • I-Saturation ibhekisela kukuqina okanye ukucoceka kombala, okubonisa umlinganiselo wamacandelo angwevu kwi-hue. Ibonakaliswa ngu-0% (igrey ecocekileyo) - 100% (umbala ogcwele ngokupheleleyo). Kwivili eliqhelekileyo lombala, ukuhluthwa ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi ukuya kwindawo yomda kuyanda.
    • Ukukhanya kukuqaqamba okunxulumene nombala. Ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa ngo-0% (omnyama) - 100% (omhlophe). Isiphene: ngenxa yokunciphisa izixhobo, kuyimfuneko ukuguqulela kwimodi ye-RGB xa iboniswe kwisikrini sekhompyutheni kunye nemodi ye-CMYK xa ishicilelwe. Oku kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ye-HSB ukuya kumlinganiselo othile. Kwinkqubo yeCIE XYZ, ukukhanya kubonakaliswa ngexabiso leY, elinokulinganiswa. Ibonakaliswa ngamandla okukhanya okubonakalisiweyo okanye okukhutshiweyo kwindawo nganye yeyunithi. Ukukhanya kulinganiswa ngeeyunithi ezifana nekhandlela ngemitha yesikwere (cd/m2).

    Inkcazo ye-CIE yokukhanya: lixabiso elihambelanayo lombono wenkqubo yokubonwa kwabantu ngokukhanya okukhazimulayo, okubonakaliswa nguL *.

    Imo yeLab

    Iprototype yemo yelebhu ngumgangatho wokulinganisa umbala owenziwe yiCIE Association ngo-1931.

    Imowudi ye-RGB yindlela yokongeza umbala wesikrini esikhanyayo, kwaye imowudi ye-CMYK yimowudi yokukhupha ebonisa umbala. Imo yeLebhu ayixhomekekanga ekukhanyeni okanye kumbala webala. Yindlela yombala egqitywe ngumbutho weCIE, ethi iquka yonke imibala enokubonwa ngamehlo abantu. Imowudi yeLab yenza ukusilela kwiimowudi zemibala ye-RGB kunye ne-CMYK

    Umbala weLebhu umelwe licandelo elinye lokuqaqamba L kunye namacandelo amabini anombala u-a no-b. Uluhlu lwexabiso lwe-L yi-0-100, icandelo a limele utshintsho olubonakalayo ukusuka kokuluhlaza ukuya kobomvu, ngelixa icandelo b limele utshintsho olubonakalayo ukusuka kwibhlowu ukuya kumthubi, kunye noluhlu lwexabiso lika-a kunye no-b yi -120 ~ 120.

    五、 CIE1976 Isithuba seLab chromaticity kunye nefomula yombala umahluko

    Ulwimi lonxibelelwano lombala

    1) Ulwimi lonxibelelwano xa umbala utshintsha: ulwimi lonxibelelwano: obomvu, tyheli, luhlaza, luhlaza, bomvu kancinci, tyheli, njalo njalo.

    2) Ulwimi lonxibelelwano xa ukukhanya kutshintsha: Ukuqaqamba ubukhulu becala kusebenzisa ukuqaqamba okanye mnyama ukuchaza umahluko phakathi kwazo;

    3) Ulwimi lonxibelelwano xa i-saturation itshintsha: Ukuzaliswa kuchazwa ngamandla okanye ubuthathaka;

    ● Imodyuli yoMbala

    • Ijometri yokujonga

    I-angle eyahlukileyo yokuhlola umkhangeli nayo ichaphazela ukuhluka kombala wemveliso. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuze ufikelele kwisivumelwano nomthengi, kuyimfuneko ukujonga into ukusuka kwinqanaba elifanayo. I-ASTM (uMbutho waseMelika wokuvavanya kunye nezixhobo) D1729-89 incoma i-0 / 45 yokukhanyisa kunye neemeko zokujonga. Indlela yokujonga iboniswe kulo mfanekiso ulandelayo:

    Izikhanyiso eziqhelekileyo

    • I-Standard Illuminants ibhekisa kumthombo wokukhanya owenziweyo olinganisa ukukhanya okwahlukeneyo okujikeleze, ukuze isityalo semveliso okanye ilabhoratri ikwazi ukufumana isiphumo sokukhanyisa ngokusisiseko esihambelana nomthombo wokukhanya kwezi ndawo zikhethekileyo ngaphandle kwendawo. Ii-Illuminants eziqhelekileyo zivame ukufakwa kwibhokisi ye-Illuminants esemgangathweni kunye nesixhobo sokulinganisa umbala. Isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukufumanisa ukutenxa kombala wamanqaku, ekufuneka ahambelane nomgangatho weCIE woluntu olukhanyisayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
    • Indawo yangaphakathi yodonga lwebhokisi ye-Illuminants esemgangathweni inempembelelo enkulu kwi-Illuminants esemgangathweni. Kufuneka ibe ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo omnyama we-matte matte ukuqinisekisa ukuba awuchatshazelwa kukukhanya okubonakalayo kokusingqongileyo.

    Iilluminants eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo

    Ukulinganisa ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza-D65 umthombo wokukhanya, ubushushu bombala (CT): 6500K

    Ukukhanya kwevenkile yaseYurophu okufanisiweyo -- TL84 umthombo wokukhanya, ubushushu bombala (CT): 4000K

    Ukukhanya kwevenkile yaseMelika okufanisiweyo -- CWF umthombo wokukhanya, ubushushu bombala (CT): 4100K

    Linganisa ukukhanya kombala ofudumeleyo wosapho okanye ihotele -- F umthombo wokukhanya, ubushushu bombala (CT): 2700k

    ● Ifomula yokubala yokuphambuka kwechromatic

    • + L eqaqambileyo - L mnyama
    • + ebomvu - eluhlaza
    • + b yellow - b blue
    • △E(i-chromatic epheleleyo)=√ (△a)²+(△b) ²+(△L) ²
    • △a(ichromatic aberration )=a2-a1
    • △b(i-chromatic aberration )=b2-b1
    • △L(ukukhanya okuphambukayo)=L2-L1

    ● Ukusetyenziswa kwefomula yechromatic aberration

    • Izalathisi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:

    1. Ukufana kubaluleke kakhulu.

    2. Uluhlu lwenombolo emiselweyo kufuneka lukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukwamkeleka kokumahluko obonakalayo.

    • Uluhlu lonyamezelo △ E kumgangatho woshishino

    0 - 0.25: incinci kakhulu okanye ayikho; Ukuthelekisa okufanelekileyo

    0.25 - 0.5: umzuzu; Umdlalo owamkelekileyo

    0.5 - 1.0: encinci ukuya phakathi; Yamkelekile kwezinye izicelo

    1.0 - 2.0: phakathi; Yamkelekile kwizicelo ezithile

    2.0 - 4.0: ngokucacileyo; Yamkelekile kwizicelo ezithile

    4.0- ngaphezulu: inkulu kakhulu; Ayimkelekanga kwizicelo ezininzi

    (Eminye imifanekiso iphuma kwi-Intanethi. Ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho, nceda uqhagamshelane kwaye ulucime ngoko nangoko)