Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwe-chromatics-2

三、Izici zokubona zesistimu yokubuka

Isistimu yokubuka yomuntu inezici eziningi ekubonweni kombala kanye nemininingwane yawo yendawo, njengezinsalela ezibonakalayo, ukungazweli izinguquko ezibukhali emaphethelweni, kanye nombono oqinile wokukhanya kunombala.

Ngokwethiyori, wonke umbala emvelweni unganqunywa imibala emithathu eyinhloko engu-R, G no-B, ngakho-ke imodeli yesikhala ye-RGB enezinhlangothi ezintathu iyakhiwa, engabalwa ngokunembile ngefomula yezibalo.

Ngokwezici zombono zesistimu yokubuka yomuntu embala nezinguquko zendawo kanye nemodeli yesikhala sombala, singaklama zonke izinhlobo zama-algorithms wokuminyanisa idatha yesithombe sedijithali.

Isistimu ebonakalayo yomuntu

• Kukholakala ukuthi umbala uwumphumela wombono wesistimu yokubukwa kokukhanya okubonakalayo.
I-retina yomuntu inezinhlobo ezintathu zamaseli e-cone anokuzwela okuhlukile kumbala obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanye neseli elimise okwenduku elisebenza kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo samandla okukhanya aphansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, umbala ukhona kuphela emehlweni nasebuchosheni. Amaseli e-Rod awadlali indima ekucubunguleni izithombe zekhompyutha.
Ukukhanya okubonakalayo igagasi kazibuthe elinobude begagasi obungu-380 ~ 780nm. Ukukhanya okuningi esikubonayo akukona ukukhanya kwe-wavelength eyodwa, kodwa inhlanganisela yamaza amaningi ahlukene.
I-retina yomuntu izwa umbala wezwe langaphandle ngama-neurons. I-neuron ngayinye kungaba ikhoni ezwela umbala noma induku engezwani nombalaIzici zombono zombono:
- Amaseli ekhoni abomvu, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka anombono ohlukile wamafrikhwensi ahlukene wokukhanya nokukhanya okuhlukile.
- Noma yimuphi umbala emvelweni unganqunywa isamba esingu-R, G no-B, esakha isikhala se-vector ye-RGB enezinhlangothi ezintathu.
- Izici zombono zombono:
  Iqembu lamasampula ombala anombala ofanayo ngaphansi kokukhanya kwelanga noma umthombo othile wokukhanya, kodwa uma ebekwe ngaphansi komunye umthombo wokukhanya, umbala uhlukile.
  
  四, Imodi yombala
  - Imodi yokuhlanganisa yombala we-RGB
  - Imodi yokuxuba imibala ye-CMY ekhiphayo
  - Imodi ye-HSB
  - Imodi yelebhu
  Imodi ye-RGB
  - Imodi ye-RGB isuselwe kumgomo wokuhlanganisa wemibala emithathu eyinhloko emvelweni. Imibala eyinhloko ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yabelwa esikalini sombala ngamunye ngokwenani lokukhanya ukusuka ku-0 (okumnyama) kuye ku-255 (okumhlophe), ukuze kucaciswe imibala yayo. Lapho imibala eyinhloko enokukhanya okuhlukile ixutshwe, izinhlobo zombala ezingu-256 * 256 * 256 zizokhiqizwa, cishe izigidi ezingu-16.7. Isibonelo, okubomvu okukhanyayo kungase kube nenani elingu-R elingu-246, inani elingu-G elingu-20, kanye nenani elingu-B elingu-50. Uma amanani okukhanya emibala emithathu eyinhloko elingana, okumpunga kuyakhiqizwa; Uma womathathu amanani okukhanya angu-255, okumhlophe okumsulwa kukhiqizwa; Uma wonke amanani okukhanya engu-0, kukhiqizwa okumnyama okumsulwa. Uma umbala okhiqizwa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo ezintathu zokukhanya kombala ngokuvamile uphakeme kunevelu yokukhanya kombala wangempela, ngakho indlela yokukhiqiza umbala ngemodi ye-RGB ibizwa nangokuthi indlela yokwengeza ukukhanya kombala.
  Imodi ye-CMYK, eyaziwa nangokuthi imodi yombala wokuphrinta, imodi ecutshungulwayo njengoba igama liphakamisa.
  - Ihluke kakhulu ku-RGB. Imodi ye-RGB iyimodi yombala okhanyayo, futhi okuqukethwe esikrinini kusengabonwa egumbini elimnyama
  - I-CMYK imodi yombala encike ekuboniseni. Abantu bakufunda kanjani okuqukethwe amaphephandaba? Ukukhanya kwelanga noma ukukhanya okukhanya ephephandabeni bese kubonakala emehlweni ethu ukuthi singabona okuqukethwe. Idinga umthombo wokukhanya wangaphandle. Uma usendlini emnyama, awukwazi ukufunda amaphephandaba
  - Uma nje isithombe esivezwe esikrinini sivezwa ngemodi ye-RGB. Uma nje isithombe sibonakala endabeni ephrintiwe, simelelwa yimodi ye-CMYK. Isibonelo, amaphephabhuku, omagazini, amaphephandaba, amaphosta, njll. kuyaphrintwa futhi kusetshenzwe, ngakho kuyimodeli ye-CMYK.
  - Ngokufanayo ne-RGB, i-CMY iwukuqala kwamagama ayinki amathathu: Cyan, magenta kanye noYellow. U-K uthatha uhlamvu lokugcina olumnyama. Isizathu sokuthi kungani ingathathi uhlamvu lokuqala ukugwema ukudideka nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokombono, izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela zamayinki e-CMY anele. Lapho ehlanganiswa ndawonye, kufanele abe mnyama. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yamanje yokukhiqiza ayikwazi ukukhiqiza oyinki abahlanzekile kakhulu, umphumela wokwengezwa kwe-CMY empeleni ubomvu obumnyama, ngakho-ke u-inki omnyama okhethekile udinga ukungezwa ukuze kuhlanganiswe.
  - Lapho u-C, M, Y no-K exubene nombala, ngokwanda ngo-C, m, Y no-K, ukukhanya okubonakala emehlweni omuntu kuyoba kuncipha, nokukhanya kokukhanya kuzoba ngaphansi futhi phansi. Indlela yokukhiqiza umbala kuzo zonke izindlela ze-CMYK ibizwa nangokuthi ukususa umbala.
  Imodi ye-HSB
  
  Imodi ye-HSB ichazwa ngokusekelwe ekubhekweni kombala ngamehlo omuntu. Kule modi, yonke imibala ichazwa ngama-hues, ukugcwala kanye nokukhanya.
  - Ama-Hues asho umbala ovela noma odluliswa entweni. Esondweni lombala elijwayelekile elingu-0 ~ 360 degree, umbala ukalwa ngendawo. Ekusetshenzisweni okuvamile, i-hue ibonakala ngegama lombala, njengobomvu, i-orange, eluhlaza, njll. Kuyimfanelo yokubukeka.
  - Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala kubhekisela ekuqineni noma ekuhlanzekeni kombala, okubonisa ingxenye yezingxenye ezimpunga kumbala. Ivezwa ngu-0% (ompunga omsulwa) - 100% (umbala ogcwele ngokugcwele). Esondweni elijwayelekile lombala, ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala ukusuka endaweni emaphakathi ukuya endaweni yonqenqema kuyakhula.
  - Ukukhanya ukukhanya okuhlobene kombala. Ngokuvamile kukalwa ngo-0% (omnyama) - 100% (omhlophe). Isici: ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwemishini, kuyadingeka ukuguqulela kumodi ye-RGB uma ikhonjiswa esikrinini sekhompyutha kanye nemodi ye-CMYK lapho iphrintiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemodi ye-HSB ngezinga elithile. Kuhlelo lwe-CIE XYZ, ukukhanya kuvezwa inani lika-Y, elingalinganiswa. Kuboniswa ubukhulu bokukhanya okubonisiwe noma okukhishiwe endaweni yeyunithi ngayinye. Ukukhanya kukalwa ngamayunithi afana nekhandlela ngemitha yesikwele (cd/m2).
  Incazelo ye-CIE yokukhanya: yinani elihambisanayo lombono wabantu wokukhanya okukhazimulayo, ovezwa ngu-L *.
  
  Imodi yelebhu
  
  I-prototype yemodi yelebhu iyindinganiso yokulinganisa umbala eyakhiwe yi-CIE Association ngo-1931. Yachazwa kabusha futhi yaqanjwa ngokuthi i-CIELab ngo-1976.
  
  Imodi ye-RGB imodi yokwengeza umbala yesikrini esikhanyayo, futhi imodi ye-CMYK imodi yokukhipha ebonisa umbala wokuphrinta. Imodi Yelebhu ayincikile ekukhanyeni noma ekushintsheni umbala. Kuyimodi yombala enqunywe inhlangano ye-CIE, ehlanganisa yonke imibala engabonwa ngamehlo abantu. Imodi yelebhu yenza kube nokushiyeka kwezinhlobo zemibala ye-RGB ne-CMYK
  
  Umbala welebhu umelelwa ingxenye eyodwa yokukhanya engu-L kanye nezingxenye ezimbili zombala u-a no-b. Ububanzi bevelu buka-L bungu-0-100, ingxenye a imelela ushintsho lwe-spectral ukusuka kokuluhlaza kuya kokubomvu, kuyilapho ingxenye engu-b imelela ukuguqulwa kokubonakala kokuluhlaza kuya kokuphuzi, futhi ububanzi bevelu buka-a no-b ngu- -120 ~ 120.
  
  五、 CIE1976 Lab chromaticity space kanye nefomula yomehluko wombala
  
  Ulimi lokuxhumana ngombala
  
  1) Ulimi lokuxhumana lapho umbala ushintsha: ulimi lokuxhumana: obomvu, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, obomvu kancane, ophuzi kancane njalo njalo.
  
  2） Ulimi lokuxhumana lapho ukukhanya kushintsha: Ukukhanya ngokuvamile kusebenzisa ukukhanya noma okumnyama ukuchaza umehluko phakathi kwakho;
  
  3) Ulimi lokuxhumana lapho ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala kushintsha: Ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala kuchazwa ngokunamandla noma okubuthakathaka;
  
  ● Imojuli yombala
  - I-geometry yokubuka
  I-engeli ehlukile yokuhlola izibukeli nayo ithinta umehluko wombala womkhiqizo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuze kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni nekhasimende, kuyadingeka ukubheka into ngendlela efanayo. I-ASTM (Inhlangano yaseMelika yokuhlola nezinto zokwakha) i-D1729-89 incoma ukukhanyisa oku-0/45 nezimo zokubuka. Indlela yokubuka iboniswa emfanekisweni olandelayo:
  
  Izikhanyisi Ezijwayelekile
  - Ama-Standard Illuminants abhekisela kumthombo wokukhanya wokwenziwa olingisa ukukhanya okuhlukahlukene okuzungezile, ukuze imboni yokukhiqiza noma ilabhorethri ikwazi ukuthola umphumela wokukhanyisa ngokuyisisekelo ohambisana nomthombo wokukhanya kulezi zindawo ezithile ezingaphandle kwesayithi. Ama-Illuminants ajwayelekile ngokuvamile afakwa ebhokisini elivamile lama-Illuminants kanye nensimbi yokulinganisa imibala. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthola ukuchezuka kombala wama-athikili, okufanele athobele izinga le-CIE lomphakathi wokukhanyisa wamazwe ngamazwe.
  - Indawo yangaphakathi yodonga lwebhokisi elijwayelekile lama-Illuminants inomthelela omuhle kuma-Illuminants ajwayelekile. Kumelwe kube indawo evamile empunga emnyama ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ayithintwa ukukhanya okuveziwe kwemvelo.
  Ama-Illuminants ajwayelekile ajwayelekile
  
  Ukukhanya kwelanga kwesibhakabhaka okulingisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka -- Umthombo wokukhanya we-D65, izinga lokushisa lombala (CT): 6500K
  
  Ukukhanya kwesitolo esilingisiwe sase-Europe -- Umthombo wokukhanya we-TL84, izinga lokushisa lombala (CT): 4000K
  
  Ukukhanya kwesitolo saseMelika esilingisiwe -- Umthombo wokukhanya we-CWF, izinga lokushisa lombala (CT): 4100K
  
  Lingisa ukukhanya kombala ofudumele womndeni noma wehhotela -- Umthombo wokukhanya we-F, izinga lokushisa lombala (CT): 2700k
  
  ●Ifomula yokubala ye-chromatic aberration
  - + L ekhanyayo - L emnyama
  - + okubomvu - okuluhlaza
  - + b ophuzi - b blue
  - △E(ingqikithi ye-chromatic aberration)=√ (△a)²+(△b)²+(△L)²
  - △a(i-chromatic aberration )=a2-a1
  - △b(i-chromatic aberration)=b2-b1
  - △I-L(lightness aberration)=L2-L1
  ●Ukusetshenziswa kwefomula ye-chromatic aberration
  - Izinkomba ezimbili ezibalulekile:
  1. Ukufana kubaluleke kakhulu.
  
  2. Ububanzi benombolo emisiwe kufanele bukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukwamukeleka komehluko obonakalayo.
  - Ibanga lokubekezelelana lika-△ E kuzinga lomkhakha
  0 - 0.25: kuncane kakhulu noma akukho; Ukufanisa okuhle
  
  0.25 - 0.5: iminithi; Ukufana okwamukelekayo
  
  0.5 - 1.0: encane kuya emaphakathi; Kuyamukeleka kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza
  
  1.0 - 2.0: okuphakathi; Kwamukeleka ezinhlelweni ezithile
  
  2.0 - 4.0: kusobala; Kwamukeleka ezinhlelweni ezithile
  
  4.0- ngaphezulu: enkulu kakhulu; Akwamukelekile ezinhlelweni eziningi
  
  (Ezinye izithombe ziphuma ku-inthanethi. Uma kukhona ukwephulwa komthetho, sicela uthinte futhi ukususe ngokushesha)

Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-05-2023